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Transmeta

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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Transmeta Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Private</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property licensing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1995 (1995)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">2009 (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by Novafora, patent portfolio sold to <a href="Intellectual_Ventures" title="Intellectual Ventures">Intellectual Ventures</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Santa_Clara%2C_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Murray A. Goldman, David Ditzel, Colin Hunter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessors</a>, <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a> patents</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"> $2.48 million (2007)<a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> -$61.121 million (2007)<a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> -$66.812 million (2007)<a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-zenobank-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Novafora</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000229173916/http://www.transmeta.com/">transmeta.com</a> at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2000-02-29)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Transmeta Corporation was an American <a href="Fabless" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabless">fabless</a> semiconductor company based in <a href="Santa_Clara%2C_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara, California</a>. It developed low power <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> compatible microprocessors based on a <a href="VLIW" class="mw-redirect" title="VLIW">VLIW</a> core and a software layer called <a href="Code_Morphing_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Morphing Software">Code Morphing Software</a>.

Code Morphing Software (CMS) consisted of an <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, a <a href="Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime system</a> and a <a href="Binary_translation#Dynamic_binary_translation" title="Binary translation">dynamic binary translator</a>. <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> instructions were first interpreted one instruction at a time and profiled, then depending upon the frequency of execution of a code block, CMS would progressively generate more optimized translations.<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Behind_Crusoe-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exper_With_DBT-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Code_Morph_SW-5">[5]</a>

The VLIW core implemented features specifically designed to accelerate CMS and translations. Among the features were support for general speculation, detection of memory aliasing and detection of self modifying x86 code.<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Behind_Crusoe-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exper_With_DBT-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Code_Morph_SW-5">[5]</a>

The combination of CMS and the VLIW core allowed for the achievement of full x86 compatibility while maintaining performance and reducing power consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Behind_Crusoe-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exper_With_DBT-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Code_Morph_SW-5">[5]</a>

Transmeta was founded in 1995 by Bob Cmelik, Dave Ditzel, Colin Hunter, Ed Kelly, Doug Laird, Malcolm Wing and Greg Zyner.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magic_Show-7">[7]</a>

Its first product, the Crusoe processor, was launched on January 19, 2000. Transmeta went public on November 7, 2000. On October 14, 2003, it launched its second major product, the Efficeon processor. In 2005, Transmeta increased its focus on licensing its portfolio of microprocessor and semiconductor technologies.

<a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Sony-8">[8]</a> After layoffs in 2007, Transmeta made a complete shift away from semiconductor production to IP licensing.

<a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Quits_Proc_Biz-9">[9]</a> In January 2009, the company was acquired by Novafora<a href="#cite_note-SEC_8K20090128-10">[10]</a> and the patent portfolio was sold to <a href="Intellectual_Ventures" title="Intellectual Ventures">Intellectual Ventures</a>. Novafora ceased operations in August 2009. Intellectual Ventures licenses the Transmeta IP to other companies on a non-exclusive basis.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Transmeta produced two <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> compatible <a href="CPU_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU architecture">CPU architectures</a>: <a href="#Crusoe">Crusoe</a> and <a href="#Efficeon">Efficeon</a> – internal code names were 'Fred' and 'Astro'. These CPUs have appeared in <a href="Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">subnotebooks</a>, <a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">notebooks</a>, <a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktops</a>, <a href="Blade_server" title="Blade server">blade servers</a>, <a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet PCs</a>, a personal cluster computer, and a silent desktop, where low power consumption and heat dissipation are of primary importance.

Before the 2009 acquisition by Novafora, Transmeta had moderate success licensing its IP. Licensors for Transmeta technology are Intel (with a perpetual, non-exclusive license to all Transmeta patents and patent applications, including any that Transmeta might acquire before December 31, 2017),<a href="#cite_note-Intel_Settlement-12">[12]</a>

Nvidia (with non-exclusive license to Transmeta's <a href="LongRun" title="LongRun">LongRun</a> and LongRun2 technologies and other intellectual property),<a href="#cite_note-NVidia_License-13">[13]</a>

Sony (LongRun2 licensee),<a href="#cite_note-Sony_License-14">[14]</a>

Fujitsu (LongRun2 licensee)<a href="#cite_note-Fujitsu_License-15">[15]</a>

and NEC (LongRun2 licensee).<a href="#cite_note-NEC_License-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stealth_start-up">Stealth start-up</h3></div>

Founded in 1995, Transmeta began as a <a href="Stealth_startup" title="Stealth startup">stealth start-up</a>. The company was largely successful in hiding its ambitions until its official company launch on January 19, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Over 2000 <a href="Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a> (NDAs) were signed during the stealth period.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Throughout Transmeta's first few years, little was known about exactly what it would be offering. Its web site went online in mid 1997 and for approximately two and a half years displayed nothing but the text, "This web page is not yet here."

On November 12, 1999, a cryptic comment in the HTML appeared:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

Yes, there is a secret message, and this is it: Transmeta's policy has been to remain silent about its plans until it had something to demonstrate to the world. On January 19, 2000, Transmeta is going to announce and demonstrate what Crusoe processors can do. Simultaneously, all of the details will go up on this Web site for everyone on the Internet to see. Crusoe will be cool hardware and software for mobile applications. Crusoe will be unconventional, which is why we wanted to let you know in advance to come look at the entire Web site in January, so that you can get the full story and have access to all of the real details as soon as they are available.

</blockquote>

Transmeta attempted to staff the company in secret although speculation online was not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Information gradually came out of the company suggesting it was working on a <a href="Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">very long instruction word</a> (VLIW) design that translated x86 code into its own native VLIW code.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_launch">Public launch</h3></div>

On January 19, 2000, Transmeta held a launch event at <a href="Villa_Montalvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Montalvo">Villa Montalvo</a> in <a href="Saratoga%2C_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga, California</a><a href="#cite_note-TMTA_take_on-21">[21]</a> and announced to the world that it had been working on an x86 compatible <a href="Binary_translation#Dynamic_binary_translation" title="Binary translation">dynamic binary translation</a> processor named Crusoe. It also released an 18-page whitepaper<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Behind_Crusoe-3">[3]</a> describing the technology.

Transmeta marketed their microprocessor technology as extraordinarily innovative and revolutionary in the low-power market segment. They had hoped to be both power and performance leaders in the x86 space but initial reviews of Crusoe indicated the performance fell significantly short of projections.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[22]</a> Also, while Crusoe was in development, Intel and AMD significantly ramped up speeds and began to address concerns about power consumption. So Crusoe was rapidly cornered into a low-volume, small form factor (SFF), low-power segment of the market.

On November 7, 2000 (US election day), Transmeta had their initial public offering at the price of $21 a share. The value reached a high of $50.26 before settling down to $46 a share on opening day. This made Transmeta the last of the great high tech IPOs of the <a href="Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>. Their opening day performance would not be surpassed until <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>’s IPO in 2004.

The company had its first layoffs in July 2002, reducing the headcount of the company by 40%.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

On October 14, 2003, Transmeta announced the Efficeon processor which was claimed to have twice the performance of the original Crusoe CPU at the same frequency. However, performance was still weak relative to the competition and the complexity of the chip had increased significantly. The greater size and power consumption may have diluted a key market advantage Transmeta's chips had previously enjoyed over the competition.

In January 2005, the company announced its first strategic restructuring away from being a semiconductor product company and began to focus on licensing intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Sony-8">[8]</a> In March 2005, Transmeta announced that it was laying off 68 people while retaining 208 employees. <a href="Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony</a> was reported to be a key licensee of Transmeta technology and approximately half of the remaining employees were to work on <a href="LongRun2" class="mw-redirect" title="LongRun2">LongRun2</a> power optimization technology for Sony.

On May 31, 2005, Transmeta announced the signing of asset purchase and license agreements with Hong Kong’s Culture.com Technology Limited. The deal fell apart due to delays in obtaining technology export licenses from the <a href="US_Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Commerce">US Department of Commerce</a> and the parties announced the termination of the agreements on February 9, 2006.

On August 10, 2005, Transmeta announced its first-ever profitable quarter. This was followed by <a href="GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>’s March 20, 2006 report that Transmeta was working on an “unnamed” <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> project. As it turned out, this was a secure platform under the <a href="AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> brand for Microsoft's <a href="FlexGo" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexGo">FlexGo</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

On October 11, 2006, Transmeta announced that they had filed a lawsuit against <a href="Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a> for infringement of ten Transmeta U.S. patents covering computer architecture and power efficiency technologies. The complaint charged that Intel had infringed and was infringing Transmeta's patents by making and selling a variety of microprocessor products, including at least Intel's Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M, Core and Core 2 product line.

On February 7, 2007, Transmeta shut down its engineering services division terminating 75 employees in the process. This was concurrent with an announcement that the company would no longer develop and sell hardware and would focus on the development and licensing of intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Quits_Proc_Biz-9">[9]</a> Subsequently, <a href="AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> invested $7.5 million in Transmeta, planning to use the company's patent portfolio in energy-efficient technologies.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

On October 24, 2007, Transmeta announced an agreement to settle its lawsuit against Intel Corporation. Intel agreed to pay $150 million upfront and $20 million per year for five years to Transmeta in addition to dropping its counterclaims against Transmeta. Transmeta also agreed to license several of its patents and assign a small portfolio of patents to Intel as part of the deal.<a href="#cite_note-Intel_Settlement-12">[12]</a>

Transmeta also agreed to never manufacture x86 compatible processors again. One significant sore point in the Intel litigation was the payout of approximately $34M to three of Transmeta's executives.<a href="#cite_note-cashingin-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2008-27">[27]</a> In late 2008, Intel and Transmeta reached a further agreement to transfer the $20 million per year in one lump sum.

On August 8, 2008, Transmeta announced that it had licensed its LongRun and low power chip technologies to <a href="Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> for a one time license fee of $25 million.<a href="#cite_note-NVidia_License-13">[13]</a> On November 17, Transmeta announced the signing of a definitive agreement to be acquired by Novafora, a digital video processor company based in <a href="Santa_Clara%2C_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara, California</a>, for $255.6 million in cash, subject to adjustments dependent on working capital.<a href="#cite_note-Bought-28">[28]</a> The deal was finalized on January 28, 2009, when Novafora announced the completion of its acquisition of Transmeta.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

Intellectual Venture Funding LLC<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> completed the acquisition of the patent portfolio formerly developed and owned by Transmeta Corporation on February 4, 2009.

Due to financial troubles and inability to execute, Novafora collapsed in late July, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_and_staff">Management and staff</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h3></div>

Transmeta had a succession of 6 different chief executive officers who ran the company over its lifetime.

<th>CEO

</th>

<th>Years of service

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>David Ditzel

</td>

<td>1995–2001

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mark Allen

</td>

<td>2001–2001

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="white-space:nowrap">Murray Goldman w/ Hugh Barnes as <a href="Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a>

</td>

<td>2001–2002

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Matt R. Perry

</td>

<td>2002–2005

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Art Swift

</td>

<td>2005–2007

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Lester Crudele

</td>

<td>2007–2009

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_employees">Notable employees</h3></div>

Among its crew of technologists, Transmeta employed some of the industry's more public figures including Linux founder <a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, Linux kernel developer <a href="Hans_Peter_Anvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Peter Anvin">Hans Peter Anvin</a>,

<a href="Yacc" title="Yacc">Yacc</a> author <a href="Stephen_C._Johnson" title="Stephen C. Johnson">Stephen C. Johnson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

and game developer <a href="Dave_D._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave D. Taylor">Dave D. Taylor</a>. Partially because of the presence of these figures, the industry was constantly abuzz with rumors and '<a href="Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>' resulting in excellent <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">press relations</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_history">Financial history</h2></div>

The following charts show the company's revenues, operating expenses, gross profits and net losses from 1996 through 2007.<a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2007-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2000-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-SEC_10K2005-36">[36]</a> Numbers are in 1000s as per the 10-K reports. The company was once named as the Most important company in Silicon Valley in an <a href="Upside_(magazine)" title="Upside (magazine)">Upside</a> magazine editorial but failed to obtain profitability while it was a chip vendor.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div>

Transmeta received a total of $969M in funding during its lifetime.

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Quarter

</th>

<th>Amount ($ million)

</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>1996

</td>

<td>–

</td>

<td>288

</td>

<td>–

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2000

</td>

<td>Q2

</td>

<td>88

</td>

<td>–

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2000

</td>

<td>Q4

</td>

<td>273

</td>

<td>IPO

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2003

</td>

<td>Q4

</td>

<td>83

</td>

<td>Secondary offering

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2007

</td>

<td>Q2

</td>

<td>7.5

</td>

<td>AMD

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2007

</td>

<td>Q4

</td>

<td>150

</td>

<td>Intel settlement

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2008

</td>

<td>Q3

</td>

<td>80

</td>

<td>Intel settlement

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusoe">Crusoe</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transmeta_Crusoe" title="Transmeta Crusoe">Transmeta Crusoe</a></div>

Crusoe was the first family of microprocessors from Transmeta, named after the literary character <a href="Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Magic_Show-7">[7]</a>

Transmeta lost much credibility and endured significant criticism due to the large discrepancies between projected performance and power consumption and the actual results. Although power consumption was somewhat better than Intel and AMD offerings, the end user experience (i.e. battery life) only showed a marginal overall improvement.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> First, the <a href="Code_Morphing_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Morphing Software">Code Morphing Software</a> (CMS) combined with cache architecture artificially inflated comparisons between benchmarks and real-world applications. This is due to the repetitive nature of benchmarks and their small footprints. The CMS software overhead may have actually been a key cause of much lower performance for many real-world applications; the simple VLIW core architecture could not compete on computationally intensive applications; and the <a href="Southbridge_(computing)" title="Southbridge (computing)">southbridge</a> interface was limited by its low bandwidth for graphics or other I/O-intensive applications. Some standard benchmarks even failed to run, throwing the claim of full x86 compatibility into doubt.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficeon">Efficeon</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transmeta_Efficeon" title="Transmeta Efficeon">Transmeta Efficeon</a></div>

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The Efficeon processor was Transmeta's second-generation <a href="256-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="256-bit">256-bit</a> VLIW processor design. Like the Crusoe (a <a href="128-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="128-bit">128-bit</a> VLIW architecture), Efficeon stressed computational efficiency, low power consumption, and a low thermal footprint.

A 2004-model 1.6-GHz Transmeta Efficeon (manufactured using a <a href="90_nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="90 nanometer">90 nm</a> process) had roughly the same performance and power characteristics as a 1.6-GHz <a href="Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Intel Atom</a> from 2008 (manufactured using a <a href="45_nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="45 nanometer">45 nm</a> process).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Efficeon included an integrated <a href="Northbridge_(computing)" title="Northbridge (computing)">Northbridge</a>, while the competing Atom required an external Northbridge chip, reducing much of the Atom's power consumption benefits.

The <a href="Transmeta_Efficeon" title="Transmeta Efficeon">Transmeta Efficeon</a> processor addressed many of Crusoe's shortcomings and showed roughly a 2x real-world improvement over Crusoe. Its die was considerably smaller than Pentium 4 and Pentium M, when compared in the same process technology. Efficeon's die fabricated in 90 nm is 68 mm2, which is 60% of the Pentium 4 in 90 nm, at 112 mm2, with both processors possessing a 1 MB L2 cache.

The notion of selling a product into a specific <a href="Thermal_design_power" title="Thermal design power">thermal envelope</a> was typically not understood by the mass of reviewers, who tended to compare Efficeon to the gamut of x86 microprocessors, regardless of power consumption or application. One such example of this criticism suggests the performance still significantly lagged behind <a href="Banias_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banias (microprocessor)">Intel's Pentium M (Banias)</a> and <a href="Athlon#Mobile_Athlon_XP" title="Athlon">AMD's Mobile Athlon XP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Transmeta_Crusoe#Products" title="Transmeta Crusoe">Transmeta Crusoe § Products</a>, and <a href="Transmeta_Efficeon#Products" title="Transmeta Efficeon">Transmeta Efficeon § Products</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div>

Transmeta processors were in-order <a href="Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">very long instruction word</a> (VLIW) cores running a special dynamic binary translation software layer which together implemented compatibility with the x86 architecture. Transmeta trademarked the term "Code Morphing" to describe their technology<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and referred to the software layer as Code Morphing Software (CMS).

Transmeta used <a href="Reverse_body_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse body bias">reverse body bias</a> to reduce power used by a factor of about 2.5. (A similar technology was used in <a href="XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a> processors.)<a href="#cite_note-DietrichHaase2011-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_Morphing_Software">Code Morphing Software</h3></div>

Code Morphing Software (CMS) is the technology used by Transmeta microprocessors to execute <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> instructions.<a href="#cite_note-cms-42">[42]</a>

In broad view, CMS reads x86 instructions and generates instructions for a proprietary <a href="VLIW" class="mw-redirect" title="VLIW">VLIW</a> processor, in the style of Shade.<a href="#cite_note-shade-44">[44]</a>

CMS translation is much more expensive than Shade's, but produces much higher quality code. CMS also contains an interpreter and simulates both user-mode and system mode operation.

Code Morphing Software consisted of an <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, a <a href="Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime system</a> and a <a href="Binary_translation#Dynamic_binary_translation" title="Binary translation">dynamic binary translator</a>. <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> instructions were first interpreted one instruction at a time and profiled, then depending upon the frequency of execution and other <a href="Heuristic_(computer_science)" title="Heuristic (computer science)">heuristics</a>, CMS would progressively generate more optimized translations.<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Behind_Crusoe-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exper_With_DBT-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMTA_Code_Morph_SW-5">[5]</a>

Similar technologies existed in the 1990s: <a href="Wabi_(software)" title="Wabi (software)">Wabi</a> for <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="FX!32" title="FX!32">FX!32</a> for <a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> and <a href="IA-32_Execution_Layer" title="IA-32 Execution Layer">IA-32 EL</a> for <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>, open-source DAISY,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> the <a href="Mac_68K_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac 68K emulator">Mac 68K emulator</a> for the PowerPC. The Transmeta approach set a much higher bar for x86 compatibility due to its ability to execute all x86 instructions from initial boot up to the latest multimedia instructions.

The operation of Transmeta's code morphing software is similar to the final optimization pass of a conventional compiler. Considering a fragment of 32-bit x86 code:

<pre>add eax,dword ptr [esp] // load data from stack, add to eax

add ebx,dword ptr [esp] // ditto, for ebx

mov esi,[ebp] // load esi from memory

sub ecx,5 // subtract 5 from ecx register

</pre>

This is first converted simplistically into native instructions:

<pre>ld %r30,[%esp] // load from stack, into temporary

add.c %eax,%eax,%r30 // add to %eax, set condition codes.

ld %r31,[%esp]

add.c %ebx,%ebx,%r31

ld %esi,[%ebp]

sub.c %ecx,%ecx,5

</pre>

The optimizer then eliminates common sub-expressions and unnecessary condition code operations and, potentially, applies other optimizations such as <a href="Loop_unwinding" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop unwinding">loop unrolling</a>:

<pre>ld %r30,[%esp] // load from stack only once

add %eax,%eax,%r30

add %ebx,%ebx,%r30 // reuse data loaded earlier

ld %esi,[%ebp]

sub.c %ecx,%ecx,5 // only this last condition code needed

</pre>

Finally, the optimizer groups individual instructions ("atoms") into long instruction words ("molecules") for the underlying hardware:

<pre>ld %r30,[%esp]; sub.c %ecx,%ecx,5

ld %esi,[%ebp]; add %eax,%eax,%r30; add %ebx,%ebx,%r30

</pre>

These two VLIW molecules could potentially execute in fewer cycles than the original instructions could on an x86 processor.<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Behind_Crusoe-3">[3]</a>

Transmeta claimed several technical benefits to this approach:

<ol><li>As the market leaders <a href="Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a> and/or <a href="Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> would extend the core x86 instruction set, Transmeta could quickly upgrade their product with a software upgrade rather than requiring a respin of their hardware.</li>

<li>Performance and power can be tuned in software to meet market needs.</li>

<li>It would be relatively simple to fix hardware design or manufacturing flaws in the hardware using software <a href="Workaround" title="Workaround">workarounds</a>.</li>

<li>More time could be spent concentrating on enhancing the capabilities of the core or reducing its power consumption without worrying about <a href="List_of_Intel_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel microprocessors">33 years of backward compatibility</a> to the x86 architecture.</li>

<li>The processor could emulate multiple other architectures, possibly even at the same time. (At its initial Crusoe launch, Transmeta demonstrated <a href="Pico-Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico-Java">pico-Java</a> and x86 running intermixed on the native hardware.)</li></ol>

Prior to Crusoe's release, rumors indicated Transmeta was relying on these benefits to develop a hybrid <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> and x86 processor. But Transmeta would initially concentrate solely on the extremely low-power x86 market.

The ability to quickly update products without a hardware respin was demonstrated in 2002 with an in-the-field upgrade (a download) to enhance CPU performance of the <a href="Transmeta_Crusoe" title="Transmeta Crusoe">Crusoe</a> based <a href="Compaq_TC1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Compaq TC1000">HP Compaq TC1000</a> tablet PC. It was used again in 2004 when <a href="NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX bit</a> and <a href="SSE3" title="SSE3">SSE3</a> support were added to the <a href="Transmeta_Efficeon" title="Transmeta Efficeon">Transmeta Efficeon</a> product line without requiring hardware changes. In the field upgrades were rare in practice due to system hardware vendors not wanting to incur additional customer support costs or spend additional money on QA for the potential upgrades or bug fixes to shipped products they had already closed the revenue books on.

In conjunction with its code-morphing software the Efficeon most closely mirrors the feature set of <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a> processors, although, like <a href="AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> <a href="Opteron" title="Opteron">Opteron</a> processors, it supports a fully integrated <a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">memory controller</a>, a <a href="HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> IO bus, and the <a href="NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX bit</a>, or no-execute <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> extension to <a href="Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">PAE mode</a>. <a href="NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX bit</a> support is available starting with CMS version 6.0.4.

Efficeon's computational performance relative to mobile CPUs like the <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">Pentium M</a> is thought to be lower, although little appears to be published about the relative performance of these competing processors.

Efficeon came in two package types: a 783- and a 592-contact <a href="Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">ball grid array</a>. Its power consumption was moderate (with some consuming as little as 3 watts at 1 GHz and 7 watts at 1.5 GHz), so it could be passively cooled.

Two generations of this chip were produced. The first generation (TM8600) was manufactured using a <a href="TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> 130 nm process and produced at speeds up to 1.1 <a href="GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a>. The second generation (TM8800 and TM8820) was manufactured using a Fujitsu 90 nm process and produced at speeds ranging from 1 GHz to 1.7 GHz.

Internally, the Efficeon had two <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic units</a>, two load/store/add units, two execute units, two <a href="Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a>/<a href="MMX_(instruction_set)" title="MMX (instruction set)">MMX</a>/<a href="Streaming_SIMD_Extensions" title="Streaming SIMD Extensions">SSE</a>/<a href="SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a> units, one <a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">branch prediction unit</a>, one alias unit, and one control unit. The VLIW core could execute a 256-bit VLIW instruction per cycle. A VLIW is called a molecule and has room to store eight 32-bit instructions (called atoms) per cycle.

The Efficeon had a 128-KB L1 instruction cache, a 64-KB L1 data cache and a 1-MB L2 cache. All caches were on die.

Additionally, Efficeon code morphing software (CMS) reserved a small portion of main memory (typically 32 MB) for its cache of dynamically translated x86 instructions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_compilation">Native compilation</h3></div>

In principle, it should be possible to optimize x86 code to favor <a href="Code_Morphing_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Morphing Software">Code Morphing Software</a>, or even for compilers to target the native <a href="VLIW" class="mw-redirect" title="VLIW">VLIW</a> architecture directly. However, writing in 2003, <a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> apparently dismissed these approaches as unrealistic:<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The native crusoe code – even if it was documented and available – is not very conducive to general-purpose OS stuff. It has no notion of memory protection, and there's no MMU for code accesses, so things like kernel modules simply wouldn't work.

The translations are usually better than statically compiled native code (because the whole CPU is designed for speculation, and the static compilers don't know how to do that), and thus going to native mode is not necessarily a performance improvement.

So no, it wouldn't really benefit from it, not to mention that it's not even an option since Transmeta has never released enough details to do it anyway. Largely for simple security concerns – if you start giving interfaces for mucking around with the "microcode", you could do some really nasty things.

[...I meant...] "you cannot do that". And we won't even tell the details of how you cannot do that.

In fact, even inside transmeta you cannot do that, without having a specially blessed version of the flash that allows upgrades. If you ever see a machine with a prominent notice saying "CMS upgraded to development version", then that's a hint that it's a machine that TMTA developers could change.</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Linus Torvalds, linux-kernel mailing list</div>

Subsequent <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>, published in 2004, clarifies some details of the native VLIW architecture and associated instruction set, and suggests that there are fundamental limitations that preclude porting an operating system such as Linux to it.<a href="#cite_note-RealWorldTechnologiesCrusoeExposedI-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-RealWorldTechnologiesCrusoeExposedII-49">[49]</a>

The same work also compares Transmeta's patented technology with prior art published and in some cases patented by IBM, and suggests that some claims might not stand detailed scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-RealWorldTechnologiesCrusoeExposedII-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000229173916/http://www.transmeta.com/">Official website</a> at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2000-02-29)</li></ul>

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<li><a href="Jack_Grubman" title="Jack Grubman">Jack Grubman</a></li>

<li><a href="Josh_Harris_(entrepreneur)" title="Josh Harris (entrepreneur)">Josh Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_Hawkins" title="Jeff Hawkins">Jeff Hawkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Jonas" title="Howard Jonas">Howard Jonas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerry_Kearby" title="Gerry Kearby">Gerry Kearby</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Koogle" title="Timothy Koogle">Timothy Koogle</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Lay" title="Kenneth Lay">Kenneth Lay</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Levitt" title="Arthur Levitt">Arthur Levitt</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Meeker" title="Mary Meeker">Mary Meeker</a></li>

<li><a href="PayPal_Mafia" title="PayPal Mafia">PayPal Mafia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_O'Leary" title="Kevin O'Leary">Kevin O'Leary</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason_Olim" title="Jason Olim">Jason Olim</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephan_Paternot" title="Stephan Paternot">Stephan Paternot</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_J._Saylor" title="Michael J. Saylor">Michael J. Saylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Skilling" title="Jeffrey Skilling">Jeffrey Skilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_D._Sullivan" title="Scott D. Sullivan">Scott D. Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaleil_Isaza_Tuzman" title="Kaleil Isaza Tuzman">Kaleil Isaza Tuzman</a></li>

<li><a href="Julie_Wainwright" title="Julie Wainwright">Julie Wainwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerry_Yang" title="Jerry Yang">Jerry Yang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="360networks" title="360networks">360networks</a></li>

<li><a href="AboveNet" title="AboveNet">AboveNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Actua_Corporation" title="Actua Corporation">Actua Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Airspan_Networks" title="Airspan Networks">Airspan Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Alteon_WebSystems" title="Alteon WebSystems">Alteon WebSystems</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li>

<li><a href="AOL" title="AOL">America Online</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Andersen" title="Arthur Andersen">Arthur Andersen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask Jeeves</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_Coat_Systems" title="Blue Coat Systems">Blue Coat Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Books-A-Million" title="Books-A-Million">Books-A-Million</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadband_Sports" title="Broadband Sports">Broadband Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast.com" title="Broadcast.com">Broadcast.com</a></li>

<li><a href="CDNow" title="CDNow">CDNow</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemdex" title="Chemdex">Chemdex</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobalt_Networks" title="Cobalt Networks">Cobalt Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Commerce_One" title="Commerce One">Commerce One</a></li>

<li><a href="Covad" title="Covad">Covad</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberian_Outpost" title="Cyberian Outpost">Cyberian Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="CyberRebate" title="CyberRebate">CyberRebate</a></li>

<li><a href="Digex" title="Digex">Digex</a></li>

<li><a href="CueCat" title="CueCat">Digital Convergence Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Insight" title="Digital Insight">Digital Insight</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine%2C_Inc." title="Divine, Inc.">Divine</a></li>

<li><a href="DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li>

<li><a href="EGain" title="EGain">eGain</a></li>

<li><a href="Egghead_Software" title="Egghead Software">Egghead Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidemic_Marketing" title="Epidemic Marketing">Epidemic Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a></li>

<li><a href="Flooz.com" title="Flooz.com">Flooz.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Freei" title="Freei">Freei</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadzoox" title="Gadzoox">Gadzoox</a></li>

<li><a href="GeoCities" title="GeoCities">GeoCities</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Crossing" title="Global Crossing">Global Crossing</a></li>

<li><a href="GovWorks" title="GovWorks">govWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Handspring%2C_Inc." title="Handspring, Inc.">Handspring</a></li>

<li><a href="Healtheon" title="Healtheon">Healtheon</a></li>

<li><a href="HomeGrocer" title="HomeGrocer">HomeGrocer</a></li>

<li><a href="HotBot" title="HotBot">HotBot</a></li>

<li><a href="Infoseek" title="Infoseek">Infoseek</a></li>

<li><a href="InfoSpace" title="InfoSpace">InfoSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="Inktomi" title="Inktomi">Inktomi</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_Intelligence" title="Interactive Intelligence">Interactive Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_America" title="Internet America">Internet America</a></li>

<li><a href="IVillage" title="IVillage">iVillage</a></li>

<li><a href="Kozmo.com" title="Kozmo.com">Kozmo.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Lastminute.com" title="Lastminute.com">lastminute.com</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Learning_Company" title="The Learning Company">The Learning Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Audio" title="Liquid Audio">Liquid Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="LookSmart" title="LookSmart">LookSmart</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycos" title="Lycos">Lycos</a>

<ul><li><a href="Angelfire" title="Angelfire">Angelfire</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripod_(web_hosting)" title="Tripod (web hosting)">Tripod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MarchFirst" class="mw-redirect" title="MarchFirst">MarchFirst</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroStrategy" title="MicroStrategy">MicroStrategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Net2Phone" title="Net2Phone">Net2Phone</a></li>

<li><a href="NetBank" title="NetBank">NetBank</a></li>

<li><a href="Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="NorthPoint_Communications" title="NorthPoint Communications">NorthPoint Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniSky" title="OmniSky">OmniSky</a></li>

<li><a href="PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li>

<li><a href="PFSweb" title="PFSweb">PFSweb</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixelon" title="Pixelon">Pixelon</a></li>

<li><a href="PLX_Technology" title="PLX Technology">PLX Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo.com" title="Pseudo.com">Pseudo.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Radvision" title="Radvision">Radvision</a></li>

<li><a href="Razorfish_(company)" title="Razorfish (company)">Razorfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Redback_Networks" title="Redback Networks">Redback Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Register.com" title="Register.com">Register.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Ritmoteca.com" title="Ritmoteca.com">Ritmoteca.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Savvis" title="Savvis">Savvis</a></li>

<li><a href="Scout_Electromedia" title="Scout Electromedia">Scout Electromedia</a>

<li><a href="Terra_(company)" title="Terra (company)">Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="TheGlobe.com" title="TheGlobe.com">theGlobe.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Think_Tools" title="Think Tools">Think Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Tradex_Technologies" title="Tradex Technologies">Tradex Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Online" title="United Online">United Online</a></li>

<li><a href="USinternetworking" title="USinternetworking">USinternetworking</a></li>

<li><a href="UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a></li>

<li><a href="Geeknet" title="Geeknet">VA Linux Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Verio" title="Verio">Verio</a></li>

<li><a href="VerticalNet" title="VerticalNet">VerticalNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vignette_Corporation" title="Vignette Corporation">Vignette Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="WebChat_Broadcasting_System" title="WebChat Broadcasting System">WebChat Broadcasting System</a></li>

<li><a href="Forcepoint" title="Forcepoint">Websense</a></li>

<li><a href="Webvan" title="Webvan">Webvan</a></li>

<li><a href="MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">WorldCom</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Online" title="World Online">World Online</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">Enron scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Irrational_exuberance" title="Irrational exuberance">Irrational exuberance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecoms_crash" title="Telecoms crash">Telecoms crash</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial_of_Kenneth_Lay_and_Jeffrey_Skilling" title="Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling">Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling</a></li>

<li><a href="WorldCom_scandal" title="WorldCom scandal">WorldCom scandal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blood_on_the_Street" title="Blood on the Street">Blood on the Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_of_Fools" title="Conspiracy of Fools">Conspiracy of Fools</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Industry_Standard" title="The Industry Standard">The Industry Standard</a></li>

<li><a href="The_PayPal_Wars" title="The PayPal Wars">The PayPal Wars</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="E-Dreams" title="E-Dreams">e-Dreams</a></li>

<li><a href="Enron%3A_The_Smartest_Guys_in_the_Room" title="Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room">Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room</a></li>

<li><a href="Startup.com" title="Startup.com">Startup.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Valley_of_the_Boom" title="Valley of the Boom">Valley of the Boom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Transmeta&oldid=1304016540">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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